英語筆譯
Inductive grammar is an approach to grammar teaching in which learners are not taught grammatical or other types of rules directly翻譯社 but are left to discover or induce rules from their experience of using the language.
Constructivism is a set of assumptions about the nature of human learning that guide constructivist learning theories and teaching methods. Constructivism values developmentally appropriate翻譯社 teaching-supported learning that is initiated and directed by the students. The theory behind a constructivist approach is that the child’s learning is done in a hands-on approach. The children learn by doing翻譯社 and not by being told what will happen. They are left to make their own inferences, discoveries and conclusions. It also emphasizes that learning is not an “all or nothing” process but that student learn the new information that is presented to them by building upon knowledge that they already possess.
Intensive listening performance is listening for perception of the components(phoneme翻譯社 words, intonation, discourse, markers) of a larger stretch of language.
其他: spiritual `existential` moral intelligence
天然學習法 強調孩童初期說話缺乏成人的文法能力 她們正在利用抽象的文法概念
電腦輔助說話教授教養
增強集中 強調聲音`單字`腔調`特徵
(演譯 直接)
Merits: 1. 比教科書有效率 對於年數小的學習者可幫助結合單字與記憶力
One’s identity consists of more than just his or her accent. Taking one’s accent away won’t mean taking his or her identity away, just like having a certain accent does not necessarily make one inferior or superior merely because that specific accent sounds inferior of superior.
Extensive listening performance is listening to develop a top-down翻譯社 global understanding of spoken language. Extensive listening performance ranges from listening to lengthy lectures to listening to a conversation and deriving a comprehensive message or purpose.擴大的 由上致下 全球化理解白話語言 從冗雜的演說、對話理解訊息或大旨
1. showcase portfolios – student select pieces which they believe represent their best work
2. collection portfolios(working portfolio) – all the drafts & the final product
3. assessment portfolios: according to certain criteria give by the instructor
In many ways adults are superior to children as learners, they have greater cognitive maturity, better learning strategies and study habits翻譯社 better focus and goal orientation, a longer attention span, the ability to make a greater variety of associations, and better short-term memory. Thus, in teaching adults English, more time can be used for grammatical instruction and practice, accompanied with a few sensory input and activities.
Storybook in EFL classroom
Deductive grammar teaching翻譯社 contrasted with inducted grammar teaching, is an approach to grammar teaching in which learners are taught grammatical rules and given specific information about a language.
Computer-aid language learning: CALL
成人與小孩
首要限制: not suitable for adult (who has the maturity of concept)
9. 講授評量
1. 動機提高學習速度
2. 進修者人格特質(shy/ embarrassing of incorrect speaking)
3. 對於內容的樂趣 interest in a particular text
4. The higher the interest level the better comprehension will be. 愛好越高可以幫助理解
11. 發音
不延續測驗 考試一樣工具 一個項目接著一個項目
7. 聽力
8. 文法
Humanistic Approach: 人本教育 with low anxiety and relax state, with high concentration and attention on language learning翻譯社 interaction in the community, help each other, teacher’s role as a counselor, only give support when necessary
低焦炙狀況與輕鬆的體式格局進修 強調小我價值成長 高集中力與注意力在說話學習上 在社群中相互幫助 教員的腳色是諮詢者 在必要的時辰賜與幫助
八種智能是迦納歸納出來的 並不是固定的項目 每一個人都一樣擁有這些智能 在不同的環境下利用 而且都可以被發展 多數人具有一至兩項較優勢的智能 多元智能教育大旨是在於成長人類更多的可能性
13. 網路資本
1. Communicative pedagogy溝通式教育法
2. Multiple Intelligence多元智能
3. Whole language teaching 全英語教學
http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/htm/m0420100.htm
人類進修 以老師輔助起頭 指導學生 學生從動手作中進修 自己去參與 發現 獲得謎底 學習進程並非天生具有 也不是從零入手下手 而是從已有的取得中 建造新的常識
其他影響學習因素
The eight intelligences are not fixed in one of each catalogue. The intelligence are found out and distinguished. Everyone have all of these eight kinds of intelligences. People can use these intelligences in different situations. Every intelligence can be developed. Most of the people have much abilities of one or two intelligences. Multiple intelligence education is used to develop much more possibilities of human.
The Nativist Approach: assumes that despite the fact that children’s early utterances are clearly not adult-like and lack many components of grammatical speech, children are operating with an abstract knowledge of grammatical categories. (Hyams, 1986)
12. 九年一向英語課程
Discrete-point testing involves testing one thing at a time, item by item (e.g. a multiple-choice grammar test on the present perfect)
Teachers should creatively use technology but not rely on it alone.
首要理論與教學法
Children are relatively more field-dependant, so teachers should use direct methods and try to provide a rich and stimulating environment with a lots objects to play with. Along with audio visual aids, all kinds of sensory input are important. Game-like language learning activities are an excellent翻譯社 even essential, part of a program of children’s leaning activities. Children is general learn well when they are active and when action is channeled into enjoyable game, they are often willing to invest considerable time and effort in playing it. Children’s attention span is short翻譯社 about half an hour, so the grammatical instruction should last and be accompanied with more longer activities to catch their attention.
6. 其他技巧 (講授法 approach)
Language experience approach supports children’s concept development and vocabulary growth while offering many opportunities for meaningful reading and writing activities. Another benefit of the language experience approach is the development of shared experiences that extend children’s knowledge of the world around them while building a sense of classroom community. Students are involved in planning翻譯社 experiencing, responding to, and recording the experience and later翻譯社 in participating in “remember when we?” conversations.
1. Linguistic Intelligence
2. logical-mathematical intelligence
3. spatial intelligence
4. musical intelligence
5. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
6. interpersonal intelligence
7. intrapersonal intelligence
8. naturalist intelligence
2. 幫忙字彙的發展與認知 白話的互動 和教訓社會態度與行為價值
4. 真實教材較刺激豐碩 視覺美化 提供學生高度學習的念頭
5. 幫助學生透過故事書快速獲得內文 仿照與反複單字和描述表達
6. 供給學生已經學習過的natural context
The Nine-Year Integrated Curriculum Guidelines
10. 影響進修的因素:
(推論 間接)
2. The computer offers a forum where learners can lose their self-consciousness. Many learners are shy of making mistakes. In the private environments, the learner can work at their own pace. The learner can spend more time on those topics that are causing difficulty.
3. access to information: A CALL program has the potential to provide more information.
聲調其實不影響成分 分歧腔調不代表優勝性或較下等
portfolio assessment: three categories
Constructivism建構式
語言經驗學習法 幫助學生認知成長與自會增加 供給成心義的浏覽寫作活動 分享經驗 擴大學生對於週遭世界的常識 確立一個教室團體的氛圍 學生計畫 體驗 回應 紀錄經驗
Merits: 1. Learner autonomy- responsibilities of their own learning
多元智能 Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
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